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| Playsets
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Playset Surface Safety
This is often overlooked and unfortunately, what you don't know can and does hurt kids.
Source - Home With the Kids - with edits.
Safety Surfacing Introduction
The protective playground surface is often the most overlooked element of backyard playground safety. While approximately 80% of public playgrounds have some form of shock-absorbing protective surfacing under playground equipment, only 9% of home backyard playgrounds do, according to a 2001 playground injury study conducted by the U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC). The study found that, of the approximately 50,000 injuries per year associated with home backyard playground equipment, 69% of the injuries were a result of falls to a non-protective surface below the equipment.
The most common backyard playground surface options are grass and dirt, but neither surface offers adequate protection against serious injury due to falls, even falls that occur from 30 inches or less above the ground. Fractures of the arms and hands, and lacerations and contusions of the head and face are the most commonly reported injuries that result from a child falling from playground equipment to a non-protective playground surface such as grass or dirt as reported by the CPSC.
The good news is that there are number of protective playground surface options for the backyard playground that will meet the need for playground safety. As you might expect, playground surface options range in cost from affordable to expensive, and each option has its own list advantages and disadvantages. Weighing the positive and negative qualities of each type of playground surface material, as presented in this article, should allow you to choose the most appropriate playground surface for your backyard playground.
Use Zones
A use zone, covered with a protective surfacing material, is essential under and around equipment where a child might fall. This area should be free of other equipment and obstacles onto which a child might fall.
Stationary climbing equipment and slides should have a use zone extending a minimum of 6' in all directions from the perimeter of the equipment.
Swings should have a use zone extending a minimum of 6' from the outer edge of the support structure on each side. The use zone in front and back of the swing should extend out a minimum distance of twice the height of the swing as measured from the ground to the swing hangers on support structure.
Critical Height of Playground Equipment
The first and most vital piece of information to know when considering different options for your protective playground surface is critical height. Critical height refers to the "maximum fall height from which a life-threatening head injury would not be expected to occur." The critical height of your playground equipment equals the height (in feet) of the uppermost portion of your backyard playground equipment that is accessible to children. The protective playground surface you choose for your backyard playground should be installed with a depth that is appropriate for your equipment's critical height.
The following lists show the critical height (in feet) for each of the loose-fill surface materials described in this article "when tested in an uncompressed state at depths of 6, 9, and 12 inches. The lists also show the critical height when a 9 inch depth of each material was tested in a compressed state."
Wood Chips
Uncompressed Depth
6 inch depth = 7 ft critical height
9 inch depth = 10 ft critical height
12 inch depth = 11 ft critical height
Compressed Depth
9 inch depth = 10 ft critical height
Shredded Bark Mulch
Uncompressed Depth
6 inch depth = 6 ft critical height
9 inch depth = 10 ft critical height
12 inch depth = 11 ft critical height
Compressed Depth
9 inch depth = 7 ft critical height
Play Sand
Uncompressed Depth
6 inch depth = 5 ft critical height
9 inch depth = 5 ft critical height
12 inch depth = 9 ft critical height
Compressed Depth
9 inch depth = 5 ft critical height
Pea Gravel
Uncompressed Depth
6 inch depth = 6 ft critical height
9 inch depth = 7 ft critical height
12 inch depth = 10 ft critical height
Compressed Depth
9 inch depth = 6 ft critical height
Recycled Rubber Mulch*
Uncompressed Depth
6 inch depth = 10-12 ft critical height
9 inch depth = N/A
12 inch depth = N/A
Compressed Depth
9 inch depth = N/A
* It is recommended that you request test data from your chosen supplier of recycled rubber mulch that shows the critical heights of the material when it was tested in accordance with ASTM F1292.
According to the lists above, if the critical height of your backyard playground equipment is 8 feet, then the appropriate choices for surfacing would be 9 inches of compressed or uncompressed wood chips, 9 inches of uncompressed shredded bark mulch, 12 inches of uncompressed play sand, 12 inches of uncompressed pea gravel, or 6 inches of uncompressed recycled rubber mulch. Understanding some of the advantages and disadvantages of loose-fill surface materials should assist you in narrowing the choices to meet your specific needs.
Alternatives to loose-fill surface materials are rubber playground tiles, rubber mats, and poured-in-place playground surfaces. These options are available from a number of manufacturers who may use a variety of shock-absorbing materials. The manufacturers should be able to provide you with test data that shows the critical height for the protective surfaces they offer.
Loose-Fill Playground Surface Options
In general, loose-fill playground surface materials like wood chips, shredded bark mulch, pea gravel, play sand, and recycled rubber mulch are the most common choices for backyard playgrounds because they are affordable and easy to obtain from a local garden center or home improvement warehouse. Recycled rubber mulch can also be found in a variety of colors and sizes through internet suppliers.
Common Characteristics of Loose-Fill Playground Surface Materials
GENERAL:
A retaining barrier of some kind is required to prevent the surface materials from becoming displaced due to active play or weather conditions.
Loose-fill materials should never be installed on top of hard surfaces like concrete or asphalt.
Good drainage beneath the protective surface is necessary.
ADVANTAGE:
The initial cost of installing a loose-fill playground surface under your backyard playground equipment is generally low because the materials are easy to find and are relatively inexpensive.
DISADVANTAGES:
Over time, loose-fill materials can become compressed, thus decreasing their protective abilities.
Recommended depths can be compromised when active play or windy conditions displace the loose-fill materials.
Debris such as broken glass, nails, and other sharp objects which can cause injury can be easily hidden by loose-fill materials.
Continuous maintenance is required to maintain proper depth and to remove debris. Maintenance can include raking, sifting, grading, and leveling.
Periodic renewal or replacement of loose-fill materials is necessary, which can be time consuming and costly. The exception to this is recycled rubber mulches - see below for more detail.
Wood Chips and Shredded bark mulch
ADVANTAGES:
Wood chips and shredded bark mulch are less abrasive than play sand.
Animals are less likely to foul wood chips and shredded bark mulch.
Wood chips and shredded bark mulch are attractive.
DISADVANTAGES:
The protective ability of wood chips and shredded bark mulch is reduced in rainy, humid, and freezing weather conditions.
Over time, wood chips and shredded bark mulch will become pulverized, compacted, and will decompose.
Wood chips and shredded bark mulch can develop fungus and mold when wet.
Insects are attracted to wood chips and shredded bark mulch.
Pea Gravel
ADVANTAGES:
Pea gravel will not pulverize and decompose.
Mold and fungus growth is not generally an issue.
Animals and insects are less attracted to pea gravel.
DISADVANTAGES:
Pea gravel can be difficult to walk on.
The protective ability of pea gravel is reduced in rainy, humid, and freezing weather conditions.
Pea gravel can be a falling hazard if displaced from the playground area to a nearby hard surface (sidewalk, decking, or patio, for example).
Play Sand
ADVANTAGES:
Play sand will not pulverize and decompose.
Mold and fungus growth is not generally an issue.
DISADVANTAGES:
Play sand can be difficult to walk on.
The protective ability of play sand is reduced in rainy and humid weather conditions.
Animals are attracted to sand unless it can be covered when not in use.
Play sand sticks easily to shoes, clothing, and skin.
Play sand can scratch floor surfaces if tracked inside.
Recycled Rubber Mulch
ADVANTAGES:
Recycled rubber mulch does not generally need to be replaced or renewed each year. Many manufacturers claim that rubber mulch can last approximately 50 years without needing replacement. Check with recycled rubber mulch suppliers for any guarantees or warrantees that may be available.
Rubber mulch tends to be cleaner and less likely than other loose-fill materials to produce dirty clothing, hands, and shoes during active play.
Does not cause scrapes, scratches, or splinters from falls.
Animals and insects are not attracted to rubber mulch.
Mold and fungus growth is not an issue.
DISADVANTAGES:
Recycled rubber mulch may need to be raked periodically to maintain appropriate depths in high traffic areas.
Colors on recycled rubber mulch may fade over time.
Other Protective Playground Surface Options
Rubber Tiles, Rubber Mats, and Poured-in-Place Surfaces
Rubber tiles, rubber mats, and poured-in-place surfaces are initially more expensive surface options than loose-fill materials, but they usually require very little maintenance over time. To determine whether one of these options would be more cost effective than a loose-fill material, consider how many children might potentially use your backyard playground equipment and for how many years. Larger families, for example, may prefer to pay more on the front end for a surface that will be easier and much less expensive to maintain over many years of active use.
ADVANTAGE:
No means of containment is usually necessary.
Surfaces are wheelchair accessible and easy to walk on.
Displacement of materials is not an issue, so the protective ability of these surfaces remains consistent even in high traffic areas.
Surfaces require very little maintenance over time and are easy to clean.
Debris such as broken glass and other sharp objects which can cause injury are not easily hidden in these surfaces.
Animals and insects are not attracted to the surface materials.
Mold and fungus growth is not an issue.
DISADVANTAGES:
The area under the surface usually requires special preparation. Contact the manufacturer or supplier for details.
Surfaces may require professional installation.
Rubber tiles may curl and cause tripping if not installed correctly.
Some surfaces may be damaged by frost.
Conclusion
No protective playground surface of any type or depth can prevent all injuries. Nonetheless, installing a protective playground surface as the foundation for your backyard playground equipment is essential for improving playground safety. The most appropriate playground surface for your needs is up to you, but whatever choice you make will be a significant step toward protecting the children who use your playground equipment from serious injuries due to falls to the surface.
Documents:
CPSC Document #323. "Home Playground Safety Tips."
CPSC Document #324 "Outdoor Home Playground Safety Handbook." 2005.
CPSC Document #1005. "Playground Surfacing Materials."
CPSC Report. "Home Playground Equipment-Related Deaths and Injuries." July 2001.
CPSC Report. "Special Study: Injuries and Deaths Associated with Children's Playground Equipment." April 2001
ASTM F1292, Method to Test Attenuation of Safety Surfacing for Playgrounds
ASTM F2223, Standard Guide for ASTM Standards on Playground Surfacing
ASTM F2373, Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Public Use Play Equipment for Children 6 Months through 23 Months
ASTM F2479, Standard Guide for Specification, Purchase, Installation and Maintenance of Poured-In-Place Playground Surfacing.
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